Wallet Performance Evaluation (2025)
Comprehensive analysis of leading wallets across performance and gas metrics.
Embedded Wallet Performance
Core embedded wallet SDK operations measured from method invocation to result availability
Overview
We compare 4 embedded wallet SDK providers across 3 core operations to surface practical differences in performance, user experience, and implementation complexity.
Each SDK was evaluated with default settings (no custom optimizations). We measured response times, API latency, and workflow friction to reflect how these tools perform in everyday use.
All tests were conducted from public, verifiable test applications, so you can inspect the implementations and reproduce the runs on your own. For the exact protocol and test code, see the Methodology section below.
Sign message
Time to sign a message using each provider's SDK. Measured from method call to signature availability.
Create wallet
Time to create a new embedded wallet. Excludes site-wide authentication flow.
Export wallet
Time to export a wallet. Excludes Privy and Dynamic because of popup UI.
Wallet Gas Performance
Comprehensive gas usage comparison across different transaction types and smart wallet contracts.
Overview
We evaluated 10 leading smart account implementations across multiple transaction scenarios to measure real-world gas consumption. Each wallet was tested using standardized operations including ERC20 transfers, native ETH transfers, and complex DeFi interactions (Uniswap V2 swaps).
We followed the Ithaca benchmark for the gas measurements across different transaction types. The benchmark all tests were conducted on the same network conditions with identical transaction parameters. Gas measurements represent the total gas consumed by the UserOperation, including verification, execution, and any additional overhead from the account implementation.
The Openfort methodology extends the usability of the test by warming up the entrypoint, account and storage before running the tests.
Native Transfer
Uniswap V2 Swap
ERC20 Transfer
Sponsored in ETH (ERC20 Transfer)
Sponsored in ERC20 (ERC20 Transfer)
Gas Efficiency Leader
Delivers up to 15% cost savings for ERC20 transfers compared to competing implementations.
Native Transfer Champion
Optimized native ETH transfers, outperforming providers by11-18% and reducing transaction costs.
DeFi Performance
Excels in DeFi operations with 12% lower costsfor Uniswap V2 swaps vs modular implementations.
Cost Optimization
Delivers 15-30% gas cost reductions across all transaction types, maximizing user savings.