Wallet Performance Evaluation (2025)
Comprehensive analysis of leading wallets across performance and gas metrics.
Embedded Wallet Performance
Core embedded wallet SDK operations measured from method invocation to result availability
Overview
We compare 4 embedded wallet SDK providers across 3 core operations to surface practical differences in performance, user experience, and implementation complexity.
Each SDK was evaluated with default settings (no custom optimizations). We measured response times, API latency, and workflow friction to reflect how these tools perform in everyday use.
All tests were conducted from public, verifiable test applications, so you can inspect the implementations and reproduce the runs on your own. For the exact protocol and test code, see the Methodology section below.
Sign message
Time to sign a message using each provider's SDK. Measured from method call to signature availability.
Create wallet
Time to create a new embedded wallet. Excludes site-wide authentication flow.
Export wallet
Time to export a wallet. Excludes Privy and Dynamic because of popup UI.
Wallet Gas Costs
Comprehensive gas usage comparison across different transaction types and wallet contracts.
Overview
We evaluated 10 leading smart account implementations across multiple transaction scenarios to measure real-world gas consumption. Each wallet was tested using standardized operations including ERC20 transfers, native ETH transfers, and complex DeFi interactions (Uniswap V3 swaps).
Two distinct testing methodologies were applied. The standard benchmark follows Alchemy's AA benchmarks protocol, measuring gas usage for common operations. The alternative methodology extends this by testing different payment models: user-paid transactions, paymaster-sponsored transactions in ETH, and paymaster-sponsored transactions with ERC20 token payments.
All tests were conducted on the same network conditions with identical transaction parameters. Gas measurements represent the total gas consumed by the UserOperation, including verification, execution, and any additional overhead from the account implementation.
ERC20 Transfer
Native Transfer
Uniswap V3 Swap
User Pays in ETH
Paymaster Pays in ETH
Paymaster Pays in ERC20
Most Efficient
Openfort accounts are the most efficient accounts using permissionless 4337 infrastructure, achieving up to 45% gas savings compared to other implementations.
Performance Leader
Consistently lowest gas consumption across all operations, using just 141,475 gas for basic operations compared to 207,071 gas for competitors.
Optimized Design
Our monolithic architecture shows 20-30% better gas efficiency than modular ERC-7579 implementations, without compromising on functionality.
Cost Effective
Optimized for both user-paid and paymaster-sponsored transactions, with up to 70% lower costs than traditional smart accounts.